10.1 介詞
10.1.1 定義
用於名詞或代詞（或相當於名詞詞組或從句）前，用於表示兩者之間關系的一類。
10.1.2 分類
1.簡單介詞：in, on, at, with
2.合成介詞：into, onto, without, within
3.短語介詞：as a result of, due to, in case of, in the front of
注意短語介詞和介詞短語的區別
in front of 在...前面（短語介詞只是介詞）
in front of the door 在門前（介詞短語是一個短語，是一個介詞和名詞構成的短語）
10.1.3 常用介詞的介紹
1. on, about
He wrote a book on math.
She often talks about you.
注：頻率副詞放在動詞前。
兩者都用於表示『關于』，但on是表示『具體的關於』，特別是某個學科。
而about用法廣泛。
2. above, on, over
There is a fan above the ceiling. 房頂上有一個電扇。
There is an apple on the desk.
The plane is flying over the bridge. 飛機正從橋上飛過。
三者都用於『在...上』，但是above表示『在...正上方』，還可以表示『在...（溫度）的上面』。on表示『在...上面』（與面接觸）；而over表示『在...上方』（不與任何表面接觸）
It is above 0'C tomorrow.
3. under, below
There is a chair under the desk.
桌子底一有把椅子。
There are a lot of mices below the surface.
地表下有許多礦產。
兩者都用於『在...下面』。但是under表示『在某物一面』 （不與任何物體有接觸），而below表示『在...下方』（與物體接觸），而below可以表示『在...（溫度）的之下』。
It is below 0'C tommorrow.
4. before, in front of, in the front of
Before having breakfast, we need to wash our hands.
注：having是動名詞
In front of the classroom, there is a pig.
In the front of the classroom, there is a teacher.
三者都用於『在...前面』，但是before表示『在時間前面』。in front of表示『在...前面（在範圍外）』，而in the front of表示『在...前面（在範圍內）』
5. across, through
The man is coming across the road.
A group of people dare not go through the forest.
兩者都用於表示『穿過』，但across表示『從平面穿過』，而through表示『從內部穿過（立體）』。
6. after, behind, at the back of
After several days the enemies came.
Behind him there is a pretty girl.
A lady is sitting at the back of me.
三者都用於『在...後面』，但是after表示『在時間的後面』，且用於一般過去式；behind表示『在...（位置）後面』；而at the back of表示『在...（某人）背後』。
7. among, in the middle, in the center of, between
That is my son among a crowd of boys. 一群孩子中那是的兒子。
There is a computer in the middle of the room. 房間中有一台電腦。
In the center of the hall stands a handsome man. 大廳中央站著個漂亮的小伙子。
Between your mother and your father there is a gap. 你爸和你媽有代溝。
四者都用於表示『在...中間』。但是among表示『在多樣事物之間』,in the middle of表示『在...（某物）中間』，in the center of表示『在...（某物）中央』，而between表示『在兩者之間』，它也可用於時間。
You can come here between 7 and 9.
8. beside, besides, except
There is a broom beside the door. 門邊有一個掃把。
Besides Tom we want to go to the factory. 除了湯米外我們也想去工廠。
Except Tom we want to go to the 除了湯米外我們想去工廠。
beside表示『在...旁邊』，besides和except都表示『除...外』，但是besides表示『除...外，還有』，而except表示『除...外，其餘』。
9. in, into
The teacher is coming in the classroom. 老師正進房間。
The teacher is coming into the classrooom. 老師正進入房間。
兩者都用於表示『在...里面』，但是in表示『進入』，而into更側重於方向性。in也可表示『在...方向』或『用...（語言）』
You can speak in English.
I do well in drawing.
10. to, towards
He went to the entrance. 他進門了
He went towards the entrance. 他進入了門里。
兩者都表示『到』，但to表示『一般的到』，而後者更側重於方向性。
to也可以表示以下的意義。
a. 到。He goes to ShangHai every week.
b. 差（時間）。It is five to six. 現在六點差五分。
c. 對。 You are strict to me. 你對我太嚴厲了。
11. with, without
Miss Li came with a book. 李小姐帶了一本書來。
Miss Li came without a book. 李小姐沒有帶書來。
with是表示『和...在一起』，without表示『除了；沒有』。with也可表示『用...（工具）』。
I wrote a letter with a blue pen. 我用藍色的鋼筆寫信。
10.2 連詞
10.2.1 定義
連詞是用來連接詞與詞，短語與短語，句子和句子的一類詞。
10.2.2 分類
按照詞本身的含義和連接的成為，可將連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞。
10.2.2.1 并列連詞
用來連接平行的詞語，短句和句子的一類連詞，也就是并列句的連接詞。
Either he or I am a worker.
他是工人，或我是工人。（Either...or...是并列連詞，表示『要麼...要麼...』。）
It is hot day, but I insist on doing morning exercise.
but是并列連詞，表示『但是』
10.2.2.2 從屬連詞
用來連接從句和主句的連詞，也就是複合句的連接詞。
If it rains tomorrow, we'll put off the sports metting.
If是從屬連詞，表示『如果』。
I got up so late that I couldn't catch the first train.
so...that是從屬連詞，表示『太...以至於...』
10.3 基本句型知識點
10.3.1 陳述句
I like swimming and dancing.
He has not finished this subject yet.
Here is a map of China.
There came a bus.
10.3.2 疑問句
1. 針對某一情況是否存在而提出，常用Yes和No來回答。
Are you a doctor.
注：What do you like? wh-+原形動詞+主語+賓語
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Did you want to have a look at her? 你時不想去看見她?
Yes, I did. / No, I did not.
2. 特殊疑問句是以疑問代詞和疑問副詞位於句首，引起問句，不能用Yes或No來回答，句末用降調。
What is your name?
注：wh-+原形動詞+主語+賓語
My name is XiaoLi.
When did you leave for Tokyo.
注：Have you是用於完成式。Have you ever finish the report.
注：Did you是用於過去式。Did you finish the report last night.
注：Do you是用現在式。Do you finish the report.
Last night.
Why did he ask this question.
注：過去某人曾問過的問題。
Sorry, I do not know.
3. 選擇疑問一般由2個答案共同組成，用or連接，一般不用yes或no來回答，回答在句中選擇一個。or前部用升調，or後部用降調。
Did you want to go on studying or start to work.
注：go on studying / start to work 平行結構。
I wanted to go on studying.
Is he from America or Australia?
He is from America.
10.3.4 反意疑問句一般用在陳述句之後，用逗號隔開，對提出的事實向對方進行証實。
He is a nurse, isn't he?
There isn't a pig in the box, is there?
反意疑問句遵從以下几個原則。
前句肯定，後句否定。前句否定，後句否定。
前後動詞形式一致。
前後人稱，數形一致。
10.3.3 祈使句
表示說話我人的要求，命令等一類句子。
1. 祈使句始終為第二人稱。
Open the door = you open the door
Shut the window = You shut the window
2. 祈使句否定時在句首加don't.
Catch the bird.
Don't catch the bird.
Be careful.
Don't be careful.
3. 祈使句的反意疑問句是will you.
Let us go to the park, will you.
注：宾语形式的we.
Let's go to the park, shall we.
Pass me the sugar, will you.
4. 祈使句以動詞原形開頭，常用降調。
Close your books.
Give me a pen.
10.3.4 感叹句
用來表示說話的人的喜怒乐。常用what和how引導。
1. 用what引導的感叹句
What a beautiful lady she is!
本句用了倒裝句。She is what a beautiful lady.
What important information it is!
2. 用How引導的感叹句
How beautiful the lady is!
The lady is how beautiful.
How fast he runs.
10.3.5 there be句形
『There + be + 物體 + 地點』來表示『某地有某物』
There is a desk in front of the classroom.
There is a pine tree on the hill.
它的否定句是在be動詞前後加not.
There isn't a desk in front of the classroom.
There isn't a pine tree on the hill.
一般疑問句是將be動詞提到句首。
Is there a desk in front of the classroom?
Is there a pine tree on the hill?
10.4 并列句
并列句是由并列連詞幾兩個或以上的簡單句子連起來的句子。
常用的并列連詞有：and, not only ... but also, or, but, so, for, wither ... or ..., neither ... nor ...
She likes him and he likes her.
"and"表示和
Not only did he say it, but also he did it. 他不但說了，而且做了。
"not only ... but also"表示不但...而且...
Work hard, or you'll fail the exam.
"or"表示或者
He was very tired, but he insisted on doing it.
"but"表示或者
It is rather urgent. so everyone need know it.
"so"表示所以
The flowers here are dying, for winter is coming.
"for"表示因為
Either you didn't do it or he didn't do it.
"either...or..."表示要麼...要麼...
Neither he knew it nor everyone knew it.
他不知道，大家也不知道。"Neither...nor..."既不...也不...
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